The difference between mixture and the solution is that mixture is the combination of two or more substances which is formed without a chemical reaction
. In other words, there is no bond reaction between the substances in mixture. On the other hand, a homogeneous (having the same composition) mixture of two or more substances is known as solution. Basically there are two types of mixture including homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture. A homogeneous mixture is the solution while a heterogeneous mixture is not a solution.
Virtually all of the elements we see on the Periodic Table were made at some point during the life and death of a star. Only hydrogen, helium, and lithium were created in a different way, i.e., they were created as a result of the Big Bang explosion.
So how does a star make the elements heavier than lithium?
A star's energy comes from combining light elements into heavier elements in a process known as fusion, or "nuclear burning". It is generally believed that most of the elements in the universe heavier than helium were created in stars when lighter nuclei fuse to make heavier nuclei. The process is called nucleosynthesis.
Nucleosynthesis requires a high-speed collision, which can only be achieved with very high temperature. The minimum temperature required for the fusion of hydrogen is 5 million degrees. Elements with more protons in their nuclei require still higher temperatures. For instance, fusing carbon requires a temperature of about one billion degrees! Most of the heavy elements, from oxygen up through iron, are thought to be produced in stars that contain at least ten times as much matter as our Sun.
Our Sun is currently burning, or fusing, hydrogen to helium. This is the process that occurs during most of any star's lifetime. After the hydrogen in the star's core is exhausted, the star can fuse helium to form progressively heavier elements, carbon and oxygen and so on, until iron and nickel are formed.
Up to this point, the fusion process releases energy. The formation of elements heavier than iron and nickel requires an input of energy.
Sandpipers are familiar birds that are often seen running near the water's edge on beaches and tidal mud flats. The common sandpiper has a brown upper body and a white underside. When at rest its wingtips reach halfway back to its tail. The bird is a European and Asian species, but is closely related to the similar-looking spotted sandpiper of the Americas. (National Geographic Society,1996-2010)
Ospreys are superb fishers and indeed eat little else—fish make up some 99 percent of their diet. Because of this appetite, these birds can be found near ponds, rivers, lakes, and coastal waterways around the world. Ospreys hunt by diving to the water's surface from some 30 to 100 feet (9 to 30 meters) up. They have gripping pads on their feet to help them pluck fish from the water with their curved claws and carry them for great distances. In flight, ospreys will orient the fish headfirst to ease wind resistance.
The American crocodile is considered an endangered species in nearly all parts of its North, Central, and South American range. Survey data, except in the United States, is poor or nonexistent, but conservationists agree that illegal hunting and habitat depletion has reduced populations of this wide-ranging reptile to critical levels.
A small, remnant population lives in southern Florida, but most are found in southern Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America.
Earth’s largest living crocodilian—and, some say, the animal most likely to eat a human—is the saltwater or estuarine crocodile. Average-size males reach 17 feet (5 meters) and 1,000 pounds (450 kilograms), but specimens 23 feet (7 meters) long and weighing 2,200 pounds (1,000 kilograms) are not uncommon.
Saltwater crocs, or "salties," as Australians affectionately refer to them, have an enormous range, populating the brackish and freshwater regions of eastern India, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. They are excellent swimmers and have often been spotted far out at sea.
The Nile crocodile has a somewhat deserved reputation as a vicious man-eater. The proximity of much of its habitat to people means run-ins are frequent. And its virtually indiscriminate diet means a villager washing clothes by a riverbank might look just as tasty as a migrating wildebeest. Firm numbers are sketchy, but estimates are that up to 200 people may die each year in the jaws of a Nile croc.
This aquatic member of the weasel family is found along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean in North America and Asia. The sea otter spends most of its time in the water but, in some locations, comes ashore to sleep or rest. Sea otters have webbed feet, water-repellent fur to keep them dry and warm, and nostrils and ears that close in the water.
Falcons
Birds of prey (Order Falconiformes) include eagles, hawks, kites, the secretary bird, ospreys, and falcons. These birds have superb eyesight, strong legs and talons, a sharp, hooked bill and are adept hunters. Birds of prey are primarily carnovires (that is, they feed on other animals).
There are even two types of Peregrine Falcon ... or 17 types, depending on who you ask??
The Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known simply as the Peregrine, and historically as the "Duck Hawk" in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae.
It is a large, crow-sized falcon, with a blue-gray back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "moustache". It can reach speeds over 322 km/h (200 mph), making it the fastest animal in the world. As is common withbird-eating raptors, the female is much bigger than the male.
Experts recognize 17–19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; there is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary Falcon is a subspecies or a distinct species.
A quick Lesson in Figuring out How Tall is the Flag Pole? (or anything else you don't want to climb)
Inertia is sometimes difficult to understand - here on Earth - because we are subject to balanced and unbalanced forces all the time and we don't bother to notice , ....
Some would say, perhaps we are too lazy?!?
Now, it will get a bit more tricky. You might find the history of acceleration and velocity are pretty entertaining...
There are many more applications of Newton's first law of motion. Several applications are listed below. Perhaps you could think about the law of inertia and provide explanations for each application.
Blood rushes from your head to your feet while quickly stopping when riding on a descending elevator.
The head of a hammer can be tightened onto the wooden handle by banging the bottom of the handle against a hard surface.
A brick is painlessly broken over the hand of a physics teacher by slamming it with a hammer. (CAUTION: do not attempt this at home!)
To dislodge ketchup from the bottom of a ketchup bottle, it is often turned upside down and thrusted downward at high speeds and then abruptly halted.
Headrests are placed in cars to prevent whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions.
While riding a skateboard (or wagon or bicycle), you fly forward off the board when hitting a curb or rock or other object that abruptly halts the motion of the skateboard.
The Comments box is open...
Can you use these for your inertia demonstration?
You can, if you can explain the connection/application to inertia !
Clicking on an Essential Principle statement below will open a webpage with the statement of the Essential Principle and the associated Fundamental Concepts for that principle.
(Hint: The Physical Sciences link is great) So, what makes a science a science?
Excerpts from a superb article in the St. Petersburg Times, Sept 12, 2010 by Jim Manzi from City Journal.
...Unlike physics or biology, the social sciences have not demonstrated the capacity to produce a substantial body of useful, non-obvious, and reliable predictive rules about what they study—that is, human social behavior, including for example the impact of (public, civic, commercial, institutional, or) government programs.
The missing ingredient is controlled experimentation, which is what allows science positively to settle certain kinds of debates. How do we know that our physical theories concerning the wing (of an airplane and flight) are true? ...In the end, not because of equations on blackboards or compelling speeches by famous physicists but because...the airplanes stay up.
Social scientists may make claims as fascinating and counter intuitive as the proposition that a heavy piece of machinery can fly, but these claims are frequently untested by experiment, which means that debates .... will never be settled.
Over many decades, social science has groped toward the goal of applying the experimental method to evaluate its theories for social improvement. Recent developments have made this much more practical, and the experimental revolution is finally reaching social science. The most fundamental lesson that emerges from such experimentation to date is that our scientific ignorance of the human condition remains profound. Despite confidently asserted empirical analysis, persuasive rhetoric, and claims to expertise, very few social-program interventions can be shown in controlled experiments to create real improvement in outcomes of interest.
(People make for really poor experiments .. they are just so unpredictable!)
To understand the role of experiments in this context, we should go back to the beginning of scientific experimentation. In one of the most famous (though probably apocryphal - not really happen exactly like the story says) stories in the history of science, Galileo dropped unequally weighted balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and observed that they reached the ground at the same time.
About 2,000 years earlier, Aristotle had argued that heavier objects should fall more rapidly than lighter objects. Aristotle is universally recognized as one of the greatest geniuses in recorded history, and he backed up his argument with seemingly airtight reasoning.
Almost all of us intuitively feel, moreover, that a 1,000-pound ball of plutonium should fall faster than a one-ounce marble. And in everyday life, lighter objects often do fall more slowly than heavy ones because of differences in air resistance and other factors. Aristotle’s theory, then, combined authority, logic, intuition, and empirical evidence. But when tested in a reasonably well-controlled experiment, the balls dropped at the same rate. To the modern scientific mind, this is definitive. The experimental method has proved Aristotle’s theory false—case closed.
However, 3000 years ago he predicted some science "stuff" with mastery !!!
Of course, Aristotle, like other proto-scientific thinkers, relied extensively on empirical observation. The essential distinction between such observation and an experiment is control. That is, an experiment is the (always imperfect) attempt to demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship by holding all potential causes of an outcome constant, consciously changing only the potential cause of interest, and then observing whether the outcome changes. Scientists may try to discern patterns in observational data in order to develop theories. But central to the scientific method is the stricture that such theories should ideally be tested through controlled experiments before they are accepted as reliable. Even in scientific fields in which experiments are infeasible, our knowledge of causal relationships is underwritten by traditional controlled experiments. Astrophysics, for example, relies in part on physical laws verified through terrestrial and near-Earth experiments.
Thanks to scientists like Galileo and methodologists like Francis Bacon, the experimental method became widespread in physics and chemistry.
Later, the experimental method invaded the realm of medicine. Though comparisons designed to determine the effect of medical therapies have appeared around the globe many times over thousands of years, James Lindis conventionally credited with executing the first clinical trial in the modern sense of the term. In 1747, he divided 12 scurvy-stricken crew members on the British ship Salisbury into six treatment groups of two sailors each.
He treated each group with a different therapy, tried to hold all other potential causes of change to their condition as constant as possible, and observed that the two patients treated with citrus juice showed by far the greatest improvement.
